Tower route yields best efficiency
Among three CSP routes, the tower system achieves the lowest thermal losses and lowest levelized cost via its high concentration ratio, highlighting clear technology differentiation.
Junjie, Zeng · He, Yong · Wenlong, Song · Jianan, Deng · Wubin, Weng · Wang, Zhihua
Energy Conversion and Management 2026
break-even hydrogen price 4.45 $/kg