~16× toluene oxidation rate
Acid etching introduces abundant oxygen vacancies that weaken metal–oxygen bonds and enhance surface lattice oxygen mobility, enabling direct participation of active surface lattice oxygen in toluene oxidation, distinct from bulk lattice oxygen migration in the pristine catalyst.
Ren, Yewei · Qu, Zhenping · Wang, Hui · Zhao, Anlian
Chemical Engineering Journal 2023
Crystal, nanosphere, and mesoporous structures of 0.06 M catalyst not significantly damaged