Cold-start at −5 °C without heating
By using endplate heating or combined endplate and air heating, the open-cathode air-cooled stack can successfully start at low temperatures, overcoming the voltage drop of single cells near the endplates caused by the endplate effect.
Chang, Huawei · Fengyang, Cai · Zhengbo, Yang · Chen, Duan · Tu, Zhengkai
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2023
Successfully started at −5 °C without any external heating
Successfully started below −10 °C with endplate heating
Cannot be successfully started only through endplate heating at even lower temperatures