Bacillus subtilis membrane vesicles

10× yield via plasma induction

Natural membrane vesicles from the probiotic Bacillus subtilis, induced in high yield by cold atmospheric plasma and first identified as key inducers of antipathogen activity.

Xinyuan, Zhang · Siheng, Cheng · Deng, Zaian · Hu, Faguang · Zhang, Zheng · Xinrui, Yu · Junfeng, Liu · Abdur, Raziq · Xiyue, Zhang · Liu, Dongping · Yang, Jun

Chemical Engineering Journal 2026

Specifications

Yield increase

{'zh': '10.19', 'en': '10.19'} ×

Shared protein components

{'zh': '99.96', 'en': '99.96'} %

Advantages

Yield boosted over 10-fold

Cold atmospheric plasma treatment achieves a 10.19-fold increase in membrane vesicle particle yield over untreated control, outperforming traditional ultrasonic disruption, thus overcoming the extremely low natural yield.

Biosafety confirmed

Cytotoxicity and plant safety assays confirmed biosafety, and CAP-induced MVs shared 99.96% protein components with control MVs, ensuring compositional consistency.

Enhanced antipathogen activity

CAP-induced MVs show significantly enhanced antipathogen efficacy against Pseudomonas syringae and Fusarium graminearum, and B. subtilis MVs were first identified as key inducers of antipathogen activity.

Applications

• Antipathogen biocontrol：Replace chemical fungicides to control bacterial and fungal diseases
• Probiotic formulations：Enhance antipathogen and delivery functions of probiotic formulations
• Microbial cell factories：Use plasma induction to boost vesicle yield as a production platform
• Natural nanocarriers：Serve as natural nanocarriers for drug or active molecule delivery
• Plant disease control：Control plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae and Fusarium graminearum