Peak temp error <8 °C
First explicit incorporation of interfacial layer softening, accurately capturing low-temperature deformation in dissimilar friction stir welding.
Yang, Chengle · Shi, Qingyu · Wu, Chuansong · Mengran, Zhou · Zhang, Gong · Chen, Gaoqiang
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2026
Peak temperature error reduced from >50 °C to <8 °C