Near-zero decay over 1000 cycles
A TEMPO derivative with spatially separated quaternary ammonium modification achieves high aqueous solubility up to 2.54 M while suppressing β-H side reactions, enabling ultra-stable catholyte for long-term cycling.
Xiaoman, Lin · Tongyu, Wang · Fakun, Lin · Ming, Li · Shi, Yanlin · Jiang, Shangxu · Jia, Zhongfan · Cao, Jianyu · Shen, Yongmiao · Zhang, Kai
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2025
capacity decay of 0.0019% per cycle over 1000 cycles at 0.5 M