86.6% SPN10 reduction
The GPF efficiently removes both ultrafine SPN10 and SPN23, addressing the low removal efficiency for SPN10 in existing filters.
Liangxiao, Hou · Wang, Xin · Wang, Chongyao · Miao, Wen · Yang, Nan · Chen, Dong · Tan, Jianwei · Hao, Lijun · Ge, Yunshan
Journal of Hazardous Materials 2026
SPN10 removal efficiency surged more in mid- and extra-high-speed stages
Over 95% of particles were emitted during cold-start and warm-up