Dual-target immune-metabolic synergy
Cell-membrane nanovesicles modified with PD-1 encapsulate the hexokinase II inhibitor 3BP, simultaneously blocking PD-L1 checkpoint and suppressing glycolysis to reprogram the immunosuppressive microenvironment against recurrent metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.
Yang, Yun · Liu, Qingya · Pan, Meng · Chu, Bingyang · Qu, Ying · Xu, Xuewen · Qian, Zhiyong
Biomaterials 2026