Mg-penetration ETL injection

Turn-on voltage down to 2.4 V

Controlled penetration of Mg atoms into the ETL generates defect levels for efficient electron injection, enabling record-low turn-on voltage and negligible efficiency roll-off without doping.

Chen, Jing · Jingjing, Wang · Jun-Hong, Liu · Bo, Wang · Teng, Peng · 73999654 · 73999655 · 77899357 · Zhu, Hongqiang · Yun, Liu · Chen, Qiusong · Chen, Xiaoli · Xiong, Zuhong

Advanced Functional Materials 2025

Specifications

Turn-on voltage

{'zh': '2.4', 'en': '2.4'} V

Turn-on voltage

{'zh': '2.7', 'en': '2.7'} V

Brightness

{'zh': '116611', 'en': '116611'} cd m⁻²

Efficiency roll-off

{'zh': '12.7', 'en': '12.7'} %

Low driving voltage

{'zh': '3', 'en': '3'} V

Low temperature

{'zh': '225', 'en': '225'} K

Advantages

Ultra-low turn-on

Undoped device reaches record-low 2.4 V turn-on, doped device only 2.7 V, enabling lower power consumption and simpler driving.

Negligible roll-off

Efficiency roll-off reduced from 51.8% to 12.7% compared to LiF/Al, with 2.7-fold brightness enhancement, maintaining high efficiency at high driving voltages.

Works at low T & V

Efficient electron injection persists at 3 V and 225 K, overcoming the dependence on electric field and temperature typical of conventional OLEDs.

Replaces LiF/Al electrode

The Mg/Ag electrode can directly replace the commonly used LiF/Al electrode without doping, simplifying device structure while improving injection.

Applications

• OLED display：Lowers driving voltage and power consumption for better panel efficiency and lifetime.
• OLED lighting：Small roll-off at high brightness suits large-area, high-luminance illumination.
• Flexible OLED：Low turn-on voltage reduces thermal and field stress on flexible substrates.
• Flexible display：Efficient low-temperature injection enables stable flexible display operation across environments.
• Low-temperature electronics：Maintains efficient injection at 225 K for low-temperature applications.