P-doped graphene anode

Strong Na adsorption without clustering

P doping significantly enhances Na adsorption and suppresses clustering under multi-sodium loading while maintaining reasonable migration kinetics in graphene.

Xinghan, Liu · Ling, Luo · Li, Jinming · Gong, Jun · Xie, Haipeng · Zhang, Gufei · Tong, Chuanjia · Li, Yejun

Carbon 2026

Advantages

Significantly enhanced Na adsorption energy

Effectively suppresses Na clustering under multi-sodium loading

Reasonable migration barrier