Conductivity 0.054 S/cm at -25°C
Crosslinking with Cu2+ suppresses swelling and enhances mechanical strength while preserving high -SO3H content, enabling anti-freezing operation at sub-zero temperatures.
Xu, Li · Qian, Libing · Dongwei, Zhang · Zhang, Haoliang · Yang, Lan · Han, Jinzhao · Li, Jingjing · Chen, Zhiyuan · Fang, Pengfei · He, Chunqing
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2024
Retarded decay of conductivity and power at sub-zero temperatures